Targeted therapy is the result of about 100 years of research dedicated to understanding the differences between cancer cells and normal cells. To date, cancer treatment has focused primarily on killing rapidly dividing cells because one feature of cancer cells is that they divide rapidly. Unfortunately, some normal cells divide rapidly too, which can cause multiple side effects.

Targeted therapy is intended to identify other features of cancer cells. Scientists look for specific differences between cancer cells and normal cells. This information allows for the creation of a targeted therapy that attacks the cancer cells without damaging normal cells -- leading to fewer side effects. Each type of targeted therapy works a little differently but all are designed to interfere with cancer cells’ growth, division, repair, and/or communication with other cells. Modern targeted therapy types include the use of monoclonal antibodies and anti-angiogenesis drugs.

The different types of targeted therapies are defined in three broad categories. Some targeted therapies focus on the internal components and function of the cancer cell. The targeted therapies use small molecules that can get into the cell and disrupt the function of the cells, causing them to die. Several types of targeted therapy focus on the inner parts of the cells. Other targeted therapies target receptors that are on the outside of the cell. Therapies that target receptors are also known as monoclonal antibodies. Anti-angiogenesis drugs target the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the cells, ultimately causing the cells to starve.

Researchers agree that targeted therapies are not a replacement for traditional therapies. Targeted therapies involve the production of components such as monoclonal antibodies or anti-angiogenesis drugs that may best be used in the short term, in combination with traditional therapies. More research is needed to identify which cancers may be best treated with targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies or anti-angiogenesis drugs and to identify additional targeting for more types of cancer.